Carbon market has once again become a global buzzword with increased focus on net zero goals by corporations, and with countries firming up their climate commitments under the Paris Agreement. It is seen as one of the most effective market-based mechanisms to price greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieve climate goals. Carbon market had been operational since the launch of the Clean Development Mechanism by the United Nations in 2006, has evolved in its new version.

There are two types of carbon markets, the compliance market (emission trading resulting from legal and regulatory requirements); and the voluntary market (resulting from voluntary climate commitments by corporations). While the compliance market mainly driven by emission trading systems (ETSs) have been operational since the mid-2000s, the voluntary carbon market (VCM) has gained traction in the past few years. The VCM is led by corporations and industries in the hard-to-abate sectors which rely on carbon credits to achieve their ambitious ‘voluntary’ climate goals. This market grew by more than 60% from 2020 to reach $1 billion in November 2021 and is expected to reach at least $50 billion by 2030. One of the differentiating factors of VCM is premium pricing attributed to projects that generate co-benefits such as biodiversity conservation, gender and community economic development. Prices of carbon credits for these projects can vary widely from $5/tCO2e (e.g., agriculture, forestry etc.) to $25/tCO2e (e.g., clean cooking for low-income households) depending on the types of co-benefits (1 tCO2e is equal to 1 carbon credit).

These additional revenue streams from carbon credits have the potential to fundamentally alter the economics of key activities such as agriculture, forestry, cooking and waste management – possessing high social, economic and environmental impact potential. These activities are either capable of removing carbon from the air or avoiding emissions by adopting better practices and technologies. They play a key role in empowering local communities by:

Acting as an additional income stream for smallholder farmers, while creating co-benefits like generating livelihood opportunities for local communities

Protecting coastal areas and local communities from extreme weather events in case of mangrove plantations

Improving farm productivity through improved watershed, cooler micro climate, soil erosion prevention, and enhanced biodiversity.

For example, a low-income household using traditional cooking stoves can derive carbon benefits by switching to cleaner cooking solutions; and smallholder farmers can get benefit from planting trees and changing agriculture practices to reduce GHG emissions without harming productivity. The carbon credits from these activities can give almost $20 to $40 per year to a household switching to clean cooking and $7 to $20 per year per acre additional income to smallholder farmers.

Carbon markets can play a very critical role in India’s journey to achieve its net zero and decarbonization goals as well as in catalyzing certain key sectors such as transportation, agriculture, forestry, waste management etc. While India is aggressively reducing emission intensity of many sectors, it would still rely heavily on the carbon market for offsetting residual emissions to achieve net zero. This resulting carbon market is estimated to be at least worth $50 billion.This estimate only factors seven hard-to-abate sectors comprising cement, steel, aluminum, electricity utilities, aviation, automobile (passenger cars), oil and gas (refining and extraction). Additionally, India can achieve a carbon market potential of $30 to $50 billion by 2050 (at a conservative price of $15 per carbon credit) from agriculture, land restoration activities, and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+).

Rapidly growing carbon markets coupled with a dynamic international policy environment, are driving countries to develop action plans to leverage carbon markets to meet their climate commitments. India is already proactively working on shaping the domestic carbon market with the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and Ministry of Power (MoP) developing the requisite legal, institutional and technical infrastructures.Once developed, these would be able to address aspects related to double counting, corresponding adjustments and issues of quality and integrity of carbon credits, especially in the compliance market.

While the domestic compliance carbon market is critical for India’s net zero ambitions, there is a significant opportunity to leverage the voluntary carbon market. We can be one of the major destinations for attracting global capital pools chasing voluntary carbon projects in the Global South. For this, there is a need for a more structured mechanism for private sector participation in the voluntary carbon credit projects.A proactive approach from India on developing a framework to promote public-private partnerships, and to attract private investment in carbon projects through inclusive business models can unlock significant social, economical and environmental benefits.

The world has witnessed a rapid in­cre­ase in installed solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity over the past few yea­rs. Acc­o­rding to IRENA, in 2020 alone, over 126 GW of solar PV capacity was installed glo­bally. As of now, over 713 GW of solar po­wer has been insta­lled, having multiplied ne­arly 10 times over the past 10 years. In 2011, the capacity stood at 73 GW, and has grown at an average of 70 GW per year.

Solar modules have a life of around 25 years, at the end of which they become un­­profitable. Thus, it is expected that star­ting in 2026, around 70 GW of solar ca­pacity will have to be retired every year. This translates into about 4 million panels per GW or 280 million panels decom­m­issi­oned per ye­ar. Most of these panels will find their way to landfills where they will do more harm than the good done over their lifetime. Moreover, as the dema­nd for solar pa­nels increases with time, raw materials will become increasingly scarce. It is, the­re­fore, an opportune time to understand and establish a circular ec­o­nomy for solar en­ergy to enable an eco­system that en­co­urages repair, reuse and recycling of solar PV materials.

Intellecap attempts to explore the various aspects of the solar circular economy to en­hance the sustainability quotient of solar energy and create an ecosystem to tackle this massive issue that can potentially overwhelm the global solar PV industry.

Defining the ecosystem

By definition, a circular economy is aimed at minimising waste by segregating materials and components derived at the end of a product’s life and reusing them in the manufacturing process of new products, to keep the raw materials circling within the ec­onomy to the maximum extent possible. Extending this definition to the solar industry, a circular solar economy is essentially a process of extracting reusable valuable components and elements from retired so­lar panels and using them to develop new so­lar cells and panels. Productive re­use generates further value out of the product and prevents essential ingredients from ro­tting in the landfills for aeons to come. It also prevents toxic elements used in products from contaminating the environment by making their disposal sustainable.

Driving a circular solar economy

Solar panels use many elements that are precious and finite in nature including silicon, indium, silver, tellurium and copper. These are rare earth elements that are mined and refined to be used in solar panels. Developing countries have large reser­ves of these raw materials. According to the Center for Strategic and International Stu­dies, China produces nearly 90 per cent of the world’s rare earth metals, a large part of which is also used in making solar cells. Neither the mining nor the refining process is sustainable and leads to gross wastage of resources. Therefore, at the end of a so­lar panel’s life, discarding the panels al­to­gether will not only lead to wastage of precious metals and associated was­tage of resources, but also cause environmental poisoning. Developing a circular economy will create a process to feed the recovered material back into the system to avoid wastage at multiple levels.

As the demand for solar energy increases, the need for these elements will become greater. However, there are not enough reserves of precious metals for the entire fossil fuel-based generation to be replaced by renewable energy, including solar. Re­using elements could be one of the primary solutions for the production of solar en­ergy to match the anticipated global demand in the future.

Increased profits, enhanced job prospects and cost savings are the key consequen­ces of developing a circular solar economy. The manufacturers may be able to re­duce production costs by reusing preci­ous elements recovered from retired panels. Given the magnitude of solar waste expec­ted to be generated, third-party recycling could become an independent segment of the solar industry and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities, especially in deve­loping countries.

Building a circular solar ecosystem

A circular solar ecosystem has three foundational factors that need to be developed – technological expertise, economic maturity, and regulatory support. At present, a circular solar economy is largely a theoretical concept with little on-ground progress. Only a handful of companies are engaging in buybacks or refurbishment of solar panels after the end-of-life is ac­hieved. The market is also at a nascent sta­ge at present since the number of retir­ed solar panels is very low. However, this may soon change.

In 2019, the world generated 720 TWh of solar power, accounting for 3 per cent of the total power generation, using 46 million metric tonnes (mmt) of solar panels. It is expected that by 2026, around 70 GW of solar power capacity will be ready for decommissioning every year. As per estimates, around 8 mmt of decommissioned solar panels could be accumulated by 2030. Technological expertise that can re­furbish solar panels at scale will be re­quir­ed to tackle such massive quantities of so­lar waste. While other components su­ch as aluminium frames, glass, ethylvi­ny­la­cetate and backsheets are also used, the rare earth metals used in manufacturing the ce­lls and other metals such as copper can justify the refurbishing costs. In some cas­es, general e-waste recycling processes are being employed for solar waste management but there is a strong need for research and development in this area. Veolia, a French waste management company, has developed a recycling line specific to solar panels. ROSI Solar, an­other French enterprise, has created a process to extract precious metals from used panels.

Standards and regulations will be re­quired to sustainably extract the reusable materials from solar panels. Moreover, the un-recyclable materials will also have to be sustainably discarded so as to prevent waste. Initially, manufacturers and waste managers may have to be incentivised to encourage the recycling of solar panels. In India, which is looking at 8-10 GW of solar capacity deployment every year by 2030 through the tendering route, sustainable solar waste management guidelines and requirements at the end-of-life of a project could be built into the tender me­chanisms. This may make it mandatory for developers to put in place solar was­te ma­nagement mechanisms and encourage solar recycling.

The ecosystem will require low-cost investments to effectively develop the required technology and provide recycling and reuse services at affordable prices. Climate finance may be required in the form of public-private partnerships. Initially, government efforts might be nee­ded to push the mandates and set up facilities. However, the future of the circular solar economy lies in engaging with the private sector. It may be necessary for large-scale solar manufacturers to de­velop this technology using low-cost investments to ensure in-house circularity of the process. Alternatively, third-party recyclers may be encouraged to develop a technological core competency, which may further be licensed to provide de­centralised recycling systems. Many te­chnology start-ups are taking positive steps towards this.

Challenges and outlook

The price volatility of metals extracted from used solar panels could create a ch­allenge in determining a standard economic model for recycling of solar waste. Moreover, technologies are being explo­red for replacing rare earth elements in the solar cell development process, whi­ch, if popularised, may make the investments in the circular solar economy un­jus­tifiable. Further, quantification of the sustainability quotient of solar panel production and recycling is not currently avai­lable, which may be able to provide a definite direction for creating the circular solar economy.

Every solar panel ever deployed presents an opportunity for recycling and can play an important role in building a circular solar economy. According to Mercom In­dia, it is ex­pected that the global solar ca­pa­city may increase to around 3,000 GW by 2030. The amount of solar waste generated during this period and beyond presents a colossal challenge to the sustainability of the sector and the environment. It is, therefore, the right time to build mechanisms, technologies and processes to en­able a circular solar economy and make solar more sustainable.

The Government of Maharashtra and World Bank, in a joint endeavour, have launched the ‘SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022’ to transform rural Maharashtra through Disruptive Agricultural Technologies (DATs).

This facility is presently seeking applications from DAT solution providers, with a presence in India, to bring in digital and technical innovations in the agriculture sector. The facility will enable selected DAT solution providers to work directly with the Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in Maharashtra to implement transformative solutions.

The facility is a part of US$ 300 million Hon. Balasaheb Thackeray Agribusiness and Rural Transformation (SMART) project, which aims to enable collectives of smallholder farmers to participate in competitive agriculture value chains, facilitate agri-business investments, increase market access and productivity, and build resilience of crops to recurrent floods or droughts in the state. A key sub-component under the project is to facilitate adoption of DATs among CBOs in the state.

The SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 will identify relevant DAT solution providers and facilitate interactions between the technology providers and CBOs to enable customization and adoption of appropriate solutions.

Speaking about the launch, the Agriculture Commissioner, Dheeraj Kumar, Govt of Maharashtra said, “We are excited to launch this facility and to have DAT solution providers from across India to work with the Government of Maharashtra (SMART) to build a resilient and robust agriculture technology ecosystem in the state. This is a unique collaborative concept which will connect DAT solution providers with Community Based Organization (CBOs) and provide them with the most relevant solutions to address their critical technological needs”.

The SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 is supported by a grant from the Korea World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF), a collaboration between Korea’s Ministry of Economy and Finance (MoEF) and the World Bank. The grant marks the first KWPF initiative in India. Intellecap, a pioneer in enabling ecosystems and channeling capital to nurture a sustainable and equitable society, is supporting the execution of the grant.

Manivannan Pathy and Adarsh Kumar, Team Leaders of the SMART project from the World Bank said, “The SMART Agtech Integration Facility addresses a critical challenge of harnessing the innovation and dynamism happening in the DAT space to improved outcomes for farmers in Maharashtra through supporting partnerships between farmers and selected DATs. This facility has the potential to demonstrate innovative solutions that can be scale up nationally.”

Smallholder farmers in Maharashtra face myriad challenges across the value chain. Though CBOs such as Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) play a significant role in helping farmers get access to finance, inputs, farm technologies, and agricultural market, technological limitations affect their ability to achieve their potential to increase productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness of farming operations.

According to Santosh Kumar Singh, Managing Director, Intellecap, “The SMART Agtech Integration Facility is a novel way for DATs to solve a real-time problem, the underlying impact of which is significant. We are excited to work with the Govt. of Maharashtra and the World Bank in finding solution providers who will be joining us in this journey to help discover and transform rural Maharashtra through their innovative ideas, which in turn will enable CBOs and farmers, address a few critical challenges across the value chain and improve agricultural productivity across the state”.

The SMART AgTech Integration Facility is seeking support from DAT solution providers specifically for

Implementing digitization solutions for farmer collectives

Building value chain actor aggregation platforms

Enabling precision agriculture and automation services

Working with urban food systems and logistics solutions

Developing market linkage and traceability solutions

Facilitating access to financial services.

Interested DAT Solution providers can apply to the SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 on the official site smartagtech.org/#

The government of Maharashtra and World Bank, in a joint endeavour, have launched the ‘SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022’ to transform rural Maharashtra through Disruptive Agricultural Technologies (DATs).

MUMBAI, 17 May 2022: The government of Maharashtra and World Bank, in a joint endeavour, have launched the ‘SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022’ to transform rural Maharashtra through Disruptive Agricultural Technologies (DATs).

MUMBAI, 17 May 2022: The government of Maharashtra and World Bank, in a joint endeavour, have launched the ‘SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022’ to transform rural Maharashtra through Disruptive Agricultural Technologies (DATs).

This facility is presently seeking applications from DAT solution providers, with a presence in India, to bring in digital and technical innovations in the agriculture sector. The facility will enable selected DAT solution providers to work directly with the Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in Maharashtra to implement transformative solutions.

The facility is a part of US$ 300 million Balasaheb Thackeray Agribusiness and Rural Transformation (SMART) project, which aims to enable collectives of smallholder farmers to participate in competitive agriculture value chains, facilitate agri-business investments, increase market access and productivity, and build resilience of crops to recurrent floods or droughts in the state.

A key sub-component under the project is to facilitate adoption of DATs among CBOs in the state. The SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 will identify relevant DAT solution providers and facilitate interactions between the technology providers and CBOs to enable customization and adoption of appropriate solutions.

Speaking about the launch, the Agriculture Commissioner, Dheeraj Kumar, Govt of Maharashtra said, “We are excited to launch this facility and to have DAT solution providers from across India to work with the Government of Maharashtra (SMART) to build a resilient and robust agriculture technology ecosystem in the state. This is a unique collaborative concept which will connect DAT solution providers with Community Based Organization (CBOs) and provide them with the most relevant solutions to address their critical technological needs”.

The SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 is supported by a grant from the Korea World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF), a collaboration between Korea’s Ministry of Economy and Finance (MoEF) and the World Bank. The grant marks the first KWPF initiative in India. Intellecap, a pioneer in enabling ecosystems and channeling capital to nurture a sustainable and equitable society, is supporting the execution of the grant.

Manivannan Pathy and Adarsh Kumar, Team Leaders of the SMART project from the World Bank said, “The SMART Agtech Integration Facility addresses a critical challenge of harnessing the innovation and dynamism happening in the DAT space to improved outcomes for farmers in Maharashtra through supporting partnerships between farmers and selected DATs. This facility has the potential to demonstrate innovative solutions that can be scale up nationally.”

Smallholder farmers in Maharashtra face myriad challenges across the value chain. Though CBOs such as Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) play a significant role in helping farmers get access to finance, inputs, farm technologies, and agricultural market, technological limitations affect their ability to achieve their potential to increase productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness of farming operations.

According to Santosh Kumar Singh, Managing Director, Intellecap, “The SMART Agtech Integration Facility is a novel way for DATs to solve a real-time problem, the underlying impact of which is significant. We are excited to work with the Govt. of Maharashtra and the World Bank in finding solution providers who will be joining us in this journey to help discover and transform rural Maharashtra through their innovative ideas, which in turn will enable CBOs and farmers, address a few critical challenges across the value chain and improve agricultural productivity across the state”.

The SMART AgTech Integration Facility is seeking support from DAT solution providers specifically for (1) implementing digitization solutions for farmer collectives, (2) building value chain actor aggregation platforms, (3) enabling precision agriculture and automation services, (4) working with urban food systems and logistics solutions, (5) developing market linkage and traceability solutions, and (6) facilitating access to financial services.

Interested DAT Solution providers can apply to the SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 here

The SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 is supported by a grant from the Korea World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF), a collaboration between Korea’s Ministry of Economy and Finance (MoEF) and the World Bank.

The Government of Maharashtra and World Bank, in a joint endeavor, have launched the ‘SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022’ to transform rural Maharashtra through Disruptive Agricultural Technologies (DATs). This facility is presently seeking applications from DAT solution providers, with a presence in India, to bring in digital and technical innovations in the agriculture sector.
The facility will enable selecting DAT solution providers to work directly with the Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in Maharashtra to implement transformative solutions.

The facility is a part of US$ 300 million Hon. Balasaheb Thackeray Agribusiness and Rural Transformation (SMART) project, aims to enable collectives of smallholder farmers to participate in competitive agriculture value chains, facilitate agri-business investments, increase market access and productivity, and build the resilience of crops to recurrent floods or droughts in the state.

A key sub-component of the project is to facilitate the adoption of DATs among CBOs in the state. The SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 will identify relevant DAT solution providers and facilitate interactions between the technology providers and CBOs to enable customization and adoption of appropriate solutions.

Speaking about the launch, the Agriculture Commissioner, Mr. Dheeraj Kumar, Govt of Maharashtra said, “We are excited to launch this facility and to have DAT solution providers from across India to work with the Government of Maharashtra (SMART) to build a resilient and robust agriculture technology ecosystem in the state. This is a unique collaborative concept which will connect DAT solution providers with Community-Based organizations (CBOs) and provide them with the most relevant solutions to address their critical technological needs”.

The SMART Agtech Integration Facility 2022 is supported by a grant from the Korea World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF), a collaboration between Korea’s Ministry of Economy and Finance (MoEF) and the World Bank. The grant marks the first KWPF initiative in India. Intellecap, a pioneer in enabling ecosystems and channeling capital to nurture a sustainable and equitable society, is supporting the execution of the grant.

Smallholder farmers in Maharashtra face myriad challenges across the value chain. Though CBOs such as Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) play a significant role in helping farmers get access to finance, inputs, farm technologies, and the agricultural market, technological limitations affect their ability to achieve their potential to increase productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness of farming operations.

The SMART AgTech Integration Facility is seeking support from DAT solution providers specifically for implementing digitization solutions for farmer collectives, building value chain actor aggregation platforms, enabling precision agriculture and automation services, working with urban food systems and logistics solutions, developing market linkage and traceability solutions, and facilitating access to financial services.

April 22^nd, 2022: On the occasion of Earth Day, Venkat Kotamaraju, Director, Circular Apparel Innovation Factory was on a Special Earth Day panel discussion with ET Rise, talking about ‘Why businesses need to embrace sustainability and prioritise the planet’

There is increasing awareness that businesses need to be sustainable and ensure they do not have a negative impact on the environment and the society. With the United Nations spelling out the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there is a clear, well-defined path for different stakeholders to undertake the sustainability journey. It is also increasingly clear that being green is also good for business.

In the Earth Day webinar, Venkat was joined Rene van Berkel, Representative, UNIDO in India, Mahadev Chikkanna Founder CEO, Mynusco, and Kunal Sood, founder of WeThePlanet, talking about sustainable business in India and the way forward.

Watch the video on ET Rise – Click here  

Mumbai, 13^th April:  Recently The Ken interviewed  Vineet Rai , Founder and Chairman, Aavishkaar Group on how India’s best known impact investor is raising the world’s largest carbon-only fund, which will sequester carbon in trees and give returns to its LPs in Carbon.

Through the interview, the Ken finds out, what does Vineet Rai know that the EU and World Bank don’t ?

Trees can cool the planet. They can also buy us some time. Or can they?

Last week, some banner news neatly aligned on an arc that was quite revealing.

India’s largest impact investor, Aavishkaar, raised its latest fund. Sized at Rs 1,000 crore ($130 million), Aavishkaar says the fund will “also focus” on climate. But when I spoke with Aavishkaar founder Vineet Rai, I learned that it will only “opportunistically” invest in climate-related ventures.

However, there’s a bigger, and I must add, more interesting fund that he is raising. If all goes well, by December this year, he will launch the US$300-US$500 million Carbon First Fund. Which, you guessed it, will deal with carbon units even while returning capital to its investors. Meaning, investors will get their returns in carbon units unless they specifically ask for cash.

Meanwhile, in the rich world, the punt on capturing carbon grew bigger. Climeworks, a Switzerland-based D2C (direct-to-capture) startup, raised US$650 million from a bunch of professional and corporate investors. One of the few companies in the world to capture CO2 from air and inject it deep underground for permanent storage, Climeworks’ scale is very modest today—4,000 tonnes of carbon captured per year, which is equivalent to the Co2 emissions from 600 EU residents.

Finally, if you missed it—or consciously avoided it, for which I wouldn’t blame you—the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its third report on climate change. This time, with many solutions for mitigating its impact. Among other things, the report says greenhouse gas emissions must peak by 2025. That is, we have just about 30 months to keep the hope of limiting warming at 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels alive.

So, Aavishkaar’s timing is right.

But what else does Rai aim to get right, knowing that most carbon credit schemes so far have oversold and under-delivered?

When climate change blunts impact investment

Focused on humans, Aavishkaar was started 21 years ago “with the idea of making the poor rich”.

A lot of its social impact investments over the years can be categorised as climate change-alleviating investments, but Rai is quick to dismiss this. For instance, he says, the fund invested in a waste-recycling startup called Nepra not because it was good for the climate, but because it wanted to help ragpickers.

But in the last few years, Rai and his team have seen climate change un-doing much of their social impact work. “It was like we were building a sandcastle which was getting washed away by the waves,” he says. Since the fund also has a microfinance unit, Arohan, Rai could see that states such as Orissa and Bihar had to deal with cyclones and floods every other year. Insurance provided relief to an extent, but farmers faced enormous damage.

What they started realising, he says, is that however much work was done on the human side, the damage from the climate is now “sustained” and consistent.

Rai went back to the drawing board. The goal was to figure out ways in which the fund could intervene with climate change “as its first port of call”. But the work would still be impactful.

“The more time we spend, the more we realise that the best tech in the world to clean up carbon is to plant trees, it’s way superior than anything Elon Musk can consider”

Today, Rai says Aavishkaar is more than half way to raising a large fund—which it claims is the largest carbon-only fund in the world—that could be anywhere between US$300 million and US$500 million.

His math goes like this: it costs US$4 to grow a tree in India versus US$16-US$17 in Europe. The carbon credits that a tree can fetch would be between US$12-US$50 depending on the type of sequestration that is required, and the market is going to grow exponentially. Rai says that 15,000 global companies “declaring to become carbon-neutral or net-zero in the next two-three decades” will create an acute supply crunch for negative carbon emissions.

In principle, he is right. The new IPCC report says ecosystem restoration—which includes afforestation and forest cover restoration—has the maximum potential to mitigate climate change. Yet, it has received the least amount of venture capital investment globally.

While the chart above reflects global trends, India is no different. As we wrote earlier, in the 22 months up to November 2021, 66% of all the investments in India in the name of climate tech (or clean tech) went into electric vehicles and mobility, which has the least impact on carbon dioxide reduction. Yet, risk capital continues to flow into e-mobility. (If you’ve watched electric two-wheelers go up in flames and are wondering why everyone and their aunt got on the EV gravy train, you have company.)

Some VCs tell me risky and transformative climate tech investment in India is a few years away.

“Why should private investors fund this? Money is not for doing good, it is for making more money,” Rai quips. “But there are fools like me who will do it. You need to create a crop of dumb idiots who have other priorities than just making money.”

But it’s not like such projects are exactly new in India.

Carbon credit projects have a dud record

Planting trees for concerted carbon removal is at least a decade-old practice. India, in fact, has the largest share of such projects globally at 28%—or 19 out of the 67 initiatives worldwide that are registered as afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism (A/R CDM) projects.

Incidentally, last year, a series of studies poked holes in not just Indian carbon credit projects but also some high-profile initiatives globally. This also includes one in California in the US which over-counted how much carbon was being sequestered due to forests.

In India, a 2021 study by IIM Lucknow professor Ashish Aggarwal into two such large forest carbon projects showed that both have failed to sequester carbon in line with initial estimates. In Haryana, just 37.45% of the projected target was sequestered in 12 years; in Himachal Pradesh it was only 3% after nearly 14 years. The two projects are being supported by the European Union and the World Bank, respectively.

On the three stated key objectives—mitigation of global warming, improvement of local environmental conditions, and livelihoods of local communities—neither project can be called successful.

In Haryana, the proponents could not get the projects verified by a third party for the issuance of carbon credits because villagers had started uprooting the plantations due to economic losses… The available empirical evidence from across the globe also suggests high costs and mixed results on carbon from the forest carbon projects. Hence, it is imperative to revisit the established narrative of ‘big and cheap carbon’ with the robust empirical evidence before further scaling up of the forest carbon projects

‘Carbon’ in forest carbon projects: Evidence from India, Climate and Development

 

When I asked Rai about this study, he seemed unaware, but he also appeared unfazed by the findings. In government-backed projects, he says, funds are generally misused. “The role of our fund will be to direct capital to trees. Because this is the only thing that will save you.”

Aavishkaar’s idea is to bring professional services and expertise to afforestation and reforestation programmes. For instance, if someone wants to make the mangroves in Mumbai denser, the fund would bring in capital and work with the state forest department to rope in professional capabilities for management and measurement.

There’s nothing complicated in growing trees, it will reduce carbon, Rai says emphatically. As a trained forest professional, he is putting money where his real-world experiences lie. And he says he will get “very long-term” capital to the poor of Asia; it’s going to be a 15-year fund, not the regular seven-year fund that most investors work with.

Rai has seen up-close what can be achieved in the long term. “When we first did microfinance in 2002, India’s total outstanding was Rs 100 crore (~US$21 million then), today it’s Rs 300,000 crore (~US$40 billion). Banks used to laugh about microfinance, today RBI doesn’t tire of talking about it. It has happened in front of my eyes,” says Rai.

Ditto agri-tech.

When he made the first agri-tech investment at Aavishkaar in 2008, “people fell off their chair”. Today there are 700 agri-tech companies in India, he says.

The world has to get on an accelerated path to carbon reduction. For the last 20 years, climate remained a global discourse on policy; it was never a capital discourse. That changed with the COP26 summit in Glasgow, Scotland. “Now there’s a serious acceptance that it has become a capital discourse. In the next 10-15 years you will see significant change,” says Rai.

Never underestimate the power of an investor, especially an impact investor. Let’s just say the optimism is Greta Thunberg-esque.

What caught our eye

Of the 76 economies ranked on their readiness for a low-carbon future, Europe leads the pack with 16 countries in the top 20. India is among the laggards and is one of the 20 countries that are making uneven progress.

Mumbai, 1^st April–  As part of the continued dissemination around the ICTforAg 2022 summit, Mayur Varandani , Manager Intellecap and Ravi Gupta,  Senior Associate, Intellecap wrote about, “Impact of Data Governance and Sovereignty on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers”

Data analysis is a growing trend across industries, making it a critical part of improving business operations and decision-making. Myriad forms of data are enabling businesses to understand and anticipate customer needs, get insights into new geographies and customer segments, optimize resources, and make better decisions.

The agriculture sector is no different when it comes to the usage of data analytics. The sector has witnessed an increasing use of digital solutions such as precision agriculture, blockchain technology, and IoT to capture, facilitate, analyze, and enable decision-making on various activities across the supply chain. These solutions are driving a shift towards improving crop yields, mitigating the effects of climate change, increasing efficiency in resource utilization, and aligning with consumption demand in agriculture.

The current state of data ownership and governance in agriculture

There are more than 500 million smallholder farmers worldwide, playing a significant role in food production and food supply.  These smallholder farmers generate and may collect data on soil health, seed and fertilizer use, the time required to carry out field operations, production practices, and irrigation data. Data generators or service providers such as research institutions, government/ NGOs, and commercial service providers/ companies are also increasingly capturing this data either through direct interaction with farmers or by using mobile phones and/or remote sensing technologies to develop digital farmer profiles.

Some of these profiles contain comprehensive data, which are made accessible–sometimes on a commercial basis–to multiple service providers, such as input providers, financial institutions, agro-processors, government agencies, and farmer cooperatives. Service providers may also develop products and services by undertaking data analysis to provide farmers with better inputs, timely and low-cost access to finance, and efficient price discovery. However, this increasing collection, storage, and usage of data have given rise to concerns around the ownership and governance of farmer and farm data. Questions remain in terms of who decides how that data is used and shared, who benefits financially from said data, and what rights farmers have to access, delete, and control data about them and their farmers that are held by third parties.

Challenges faced by smallholder farmers in data governance and ownership

Many smallholder farmers face capacity restraints in fully utilizing data collated from their agricultural activities. There are multiple reasons for this, but some of the main ones include insufficient regulatory guidance on data privacy and security, lower literacy level, insufficient knowledge and awareness of how their data is stored and used by service providers, and a lack of farmer-centric data governance models. Apart from capacity-related challenges, smallholder farmers also face data ownership and control challenges, which impact their willingness to adopt digital solutions. According to the GFAR study “Rights of farmers to data, information, and knowledge,” access to information is mainly limited to large-scale farmers and service providers. While much of the data is generated by smallholder farmers, it’s generally gathered by government agencies, research organizations, NGOs, financial institutions, and development organizations. Since farm data is often sensitive and not something that farmers are willing to share, they may be reluctant to share certain data, particularly if that data will then be used and potentially owned by another party. This may put them in the position of either having to forgo access to beneficial digitally-enabled services unless they are aware and are willing to trade their data for access.

Given these challenges, there is an immediate need to design frameworks or processes for data governance and ownership that put the needs of farmers at the center. Putting in place policies around governance and inclusion will also drive the adoption of innovative and farmer-friendly data analytics solutions in the agriculture sector, thereby improving livelihoods and increasing income for smallholder farmers, while also benefiting service providers and other agriculture stakeholders through creating a fair and competitive market for service delivery.

Some ways stakeholders are addressing these issues

Overcoming issues around data governance and ownership requires a multi-pronged approach from all relevant stakeholders, including research institutions, policymakers, donors and development organizations, corporates, and data collection & analytics companies. Some well-known initiatives undertaken by organizations across the globe include the Voluntary Code of Conduct  by the National Farmers’ Federation, Australian Farm Data Code, the EU Code of Conduct on Agricultural Data Sharing by Contractual Agreement, and the US Privacy and Security Principles for Farm Data.

Apart from developing codes and principles, some regions are also forming Farm Data Cooperatives. These farmer cooperatives pool and store members’ data and provide organization control over the flow of data. Farmers’ data cooperatives include Ag Data Coalition, Grower Information Services Cooperative and the Farmers Business Network in the United States, and JoinData, Dutch data cooperative.

Some not-for-profit development organisations and development agencies have also designed programs that enable farmers to interact with their data. For example, Digital Green’s “FarmStack” is a free open-source software for data exchange to share data directly and securely without any third-party involvement. It also provides users with full control over data. Digital Green is using FarmStack to create a secure marketplace for the sale of agri products in India and Ethiopia.

The Feed the Future Ghana Agricultural Development and Value Chain Enhancement (ADVANCE II), which was implemented by ACDI/VOCA, used innovative, locally-sourced farmer identification smartcards owned by the farmer, which was shared with the farmer’s consent.

Some private players are also using technologies such as AI and blockchain to enable farmers to store their own data on a secure distributed database. For example, Farmobile, a US-based agriculture data collection and software provider, has developed an ownership framework that governs farm data ownership and exercises control through a legal agreement that asserts who can edit and access that data. Farmobile DataEngine platform provides data ownership rights to the farmers, through which they can keep their data with themselves or can share with service providers or advisors and can also monetize it. Similarly, Conservis- a software-based farm management service provider gives the data ownership rights to the farmers. The company can only share farmers’ data after their authorization.

With the increasing rate of technological advancements in the agriculture sector, data at different stages of the supply chain will become even more critical for planning and decision-making. Hence, there is a need to have a multi-stakeholder discussion on data governance where each stakeholder shares their concerns and suggestions to strengthen a common vision for the coherent implementation of existing data practices and policies across geographies.

Mumbai, 25^th March– The Interview Portal, as part of a feature around ‘Social Impact Consulting Professional’ spoke to Bhushan Patil, Associate, Intellecap.

 The interview gives us a glimpse of what he loves doing and what gave him the inspiration to pursue a career in the environment and development sector.

The interview not only showcases his journey but also serves as a guiding light for young professionals or students trying to work for the development sector.

Our formative years play a crucial role in linking our childhood interests and aspirations to a larger vision for our career

Bhushan Patil, our next pathbreaker, Social Impact Consultant at Intellecap, provides innovative business solutions that help build and scale profitable and sustainable enterprises dedicated to social and environmental change.

Bhushan talks to Shyam Krishnamurthy from The Interview Portal about his engineering thesis based on his childhood experiences that gave him the inspiration to pursue a career in the environment and development sector.

For students, look around yourself to understand what excites you, what motivates you and what inspires you, and then channelize your energy to go after your

Bhushan can you take us through your background?

I was born and brought up in Nagpur, the city of oranges. Growing up in a joint family taught me the value of building and sustaining relationships early on in my life. While I lived with my immediate family in Nagpur, we used to frequently visit my Aaji’s place in a nearby village. My fondness for her and the many stories she told me gradually translated into a fondness for rural and agrarian life.

I spent the formative years of my schooling in Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya. These are central government residential schools that provide free-of-cost education to selected students from low-income backgrounds. The school was located in the foothills of Satpura mountain range surrounded by pristine water bodies, which further contributed to establishing my love for natural surroundings.

Life at JNV has always been focused on the all-round development of the students. Throughout my time at JNV, I was involved in multiple extracurricular activities, be it representing students as house captain or representing my school at regional level sports meets. In terms of study specialization, I opted for PCM (Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics) primarily due to my keen interest in understanding the physics behind everything. The constant curiosity and love for physics have helped me in my future journey as an engineer.

Additionally, the school’s motto “come to learn, go to serve” and the fact that the majority of students came from rural or minority backgrounds instilled in me a sensitivity towards community, inclusion, and equity which guides my professional outlook to date.

What did you do for graduation/post-graduation?

I realized I had an analytical and scientific temperament during my school days and that’s why I decided to pursue a Bachelor of Engineering for graduation. I chose Mechanical Engineering and participated in a lot of hands-on projects. One such key project was my major thesis in the final year of engineering.

As I described earlier, spending vacations in my Aaji’s village exposed me to the plight of farmers. I observed frequent power cuts, long working hours, unreliable rains, and long spells of drought in the village. This became my inspiration to use my engineering thesis to design something that can be put to use by the vulnerable farmers of Vidarbha. I discussed it with my friends and faculty and came up with the idea of a solar-powered seed sowing machine. I first built a prototype and then compiled my efforts into a research paper, and published the findings in an internationally reputed journal.

This small victory gave me an insight into the environment and development sector as a career option. At the end of engineering, when all my friends were appearing for job interviews I chose to opt-out of the campus placements. I further explored my passion, searched for colleges and niche courses that offer education in the development sector. I came across the Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) which immediately struck a chord with me. The institute was accepting CAT scores and so I decided to appear in the upcoming CAT exam. I cleared the cut-off score and was called to Bhopal to appear for Written Assessment (WAT) and Group Discussion (GD). At once, I fell in love with the beautiful campus of IIFM, the 230-acre lush forest situated on a hilltop surrounded by lakes on three sides, it reminded me of my olden schooldays.

I took admission in their flagship programme Post-Graduate Diploma in Forestry Management (PGDFM) and completed my specialization in Environment Management. IIFM gave me all, much more than what I was even looking for, amazing faculty, a well-designed curriculum, lifelong friends, mentors, and also my life partner. The best part of my learning experience at IIFM came from outside the classroom doors, we had month-long field trips to remote villages and forests, business conclaves focused on sustainability, frequent interactions with industry leaders and imminent alumni. All of this helped a great deal in shaping my understanding of the sector. Later as a working professional, I completed another distance Post Graduate Diploma in Urban Environmental Management and Law offered by National Law University, Delhi in collaboration with WWF (World Wildlife Fund).

Tell us, how did you end up in such an offbeat, unconventional and uncommon career after engineering?

My inclination towards the environment and social sector was a gradual process, there were many small moments that led me to choose this career. One such moment that I can recall is when I showed the prototype of my solar-powered seed sowing machine to my Aaji. She was filled with pride and joy that her grandson cared about her community and her village. This really helped me put things in perspective and for the first time, I seriously considered social impact as a career choice. Though I was still unsure whether or not I can make a career out of this passion, I kept searching about potential courses or degrees that might help me in doing so.

Another major event that had a lasting impact on my decision was the emergence of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) in December 2015. Knowing that my area of interest is directly aligned with the global megatrend assured me that I am on the right path. I started digging deep into SDGs and their purpose, and the more I read, the more I became motivated to contribute to the cause. And lastly, my inner motivation to build a better world, the joy I get out of helping people kept me persistent in my pursuit.

How did you plan the steps to get into the career you wanted? Or how did you make a transition to a new career? Tell us about your career path.

 As described above, once I decided to make a career in the social sector, I started looking for institutions that offer that platform. The first real step I took towards my dream career was to get selected in IIFM. More than the educational qualification, it was the experience and exposure that I gained at IIFM prepared me for my professional success. The elements of field visits, rural immersion, summer internship, numerous interactions with alumni provided me the opportunity to understand the nuances of the sector up close even before I started working.

Once I realized the importance of networking, I became an active member of the Alumni Network Committee and the Placement Committee at IIFM. I not only attended but organized multiple talk sessions with industry leaders and proactively participated in various forums like our annual business conclave, paper presentation competitions, etc. I made it a habit to read monthly publications like Down To Earth, TerraGreen, Economic and Political Weekly, etc. which kept me up to date with the current developments in the sector and gave me content to build conversations with senior alumni and faculty members. Talking to alumni gave me a sneak-peak into their current job roles and helped me further narrow down the companies and profiles that appealed to me.

I did my 10-week summer internship with Network for Certification and Conservation of Forests (NCCF), a non-profit organization working towards developing national sustainability certification standards in diverse areas of natural resource management

As a research intern, I conducted a study to understand how credible sustainability standards can help businesses in achieving sustainable development goals (Agenda 2030). I created a central repository of 108+ global sustainability standards and aligned it with the relevant SDGs. I also assessed the potential business drivers and market for select voluntary standards.

I utilized this internship in two major ways – a) I did deep research and came up with a thesis on a topic of my interest ‘Drivers to adopt Voluntary Sustainability Standards’, I used the excerpts from this in multiple other research paper presentations and pitched it to potential employers to stand out among other candidates who only applied with their CVs and cover letters; b) I utilized these 10-weeks to expand my professional network beyond the alumni pool of IIFM. I made sure to remain in touch with my colleagues and seniors from the organization even years after my internship.

Post my completion of PGDFM; I started my professional journey with a rural empowerment organization, Swades Foundation. It is a non-profit organization founded by Ronnie and Zarina Screwvala working towards empowering rural communities of Maharashtra.

I joined the organization as a management trainee and was later promoted to Manager – Economic Development. My job role was just what I was expecting from my first job, which was core development work at grassroots level. I was responsible for designing and implementing livelihood solutions for the local communities that can generate enough income to stop or at the most, reduce the migration of village youth to Mumbai and nearby cities. My job was extremely satisfying at many levels, I got to use my knowledge from IIFM classes in real life and I could actually see and feel the difference brought by our efforts working closely with communities.

Experiencing the impact I have directly and indirectly created on these villagers’ lives helped me become a humble and compassionate individual. It was here that I learned that working in the social sector is much bigger than textbook knowledge on NGO management or rural marketing, it is about touching and improving lives.

From Swades, I moved on to RTI International, as a Senior Research Analyst. RTI International is one of the world’s leading research institutes, dedicated to improving the human condition by turning knowledge into practice.

As a part of the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) team, I worked on various long-term projects to create economic opportunities for vulnerable and marginalized population groups and simultaneously improved the availability and accessibility of WaSH products and services in urban slums of India. In addition to this, I worked on multiple impact assessment and research studies with clientele including the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of Australia (DFAT), Water for Women Fund, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), HUL, HT Parekh Foundation, along with multiple NGOs and state governments.

From RTI International, I moved on to Intellecap, the advisory arm of Aavishkaar Group, a pioneer in the impact investment space. At Intellecap I am working as an associate with the business consulting team.

How did you get your first break?

I got my first job in the social sector through IIFM campus placements. It was with Swades Foundation, a rural empowerment organization founded by Ronnie and Zarina Screwvala working in the Raigad district of Maharashtra.

What were some of the challenges you faced? How did you address them?

 One of the most critical challenges was choosing the right path between multiple competing options. Over a period of time, I have learned that sometimes it’s good to be confused between multiple options because that’s precisely when you evaluate each option with care. That’s exactly what I did, researching every possible option, and evaluating them with the current information and potential future scenarios.

Another challenge I faced to get into this sector was limited access to mentors or guides. This could be because there were very few people opting for a similar career path, at least in my social circle at that time. However, being proactive helped me a lot. I identified individuals who have taken this path and are already working in this sector. I reached out to them through various social platforms like LinkedIn, Facebook, Quora, etc, and got answers for my multiple queries/ doubts. Soon I realized there are many people who are happy to help, we just need to reach out and ask politely.

Another challenge, rather a difference in the social sector is that, apart from technical knowledge one needs to have a high emotional quotient to be able to work in the field.  However, not many schools or courses prepare us with these soft skills. In my case, I have been really fortunate to get into JNV and then IIFM, both of these Institutions have played a really important role in imparting these values to me. Numerous field visits, interactions with rural and tribal communities, and classroom case discussions have helped me build the right attitude and empathy for others. Another major share for this learning goes to Swades Foundation, where I got ample amount of time to shadow ground executives and interact with communities in order to understand their perspectives.

 Where do you work now?

I am currently working as an Associate with the business consulting team at Intellecap, the advisory arm of Aavishkaar Group.

What problems do you solve?

As a part of the business consulting team, I get to provide innovative business solutions that help build and scale profitable and sustainable enterprises dedicated to social and environmental change. I also assist various multilateral agencies, NGOs, and governments in designing and executing social impact projects in India and internationally.

A few of my ongoing assignments include a) designing innovative financing mechanism like Blended Finance Facility and Alternative Investment Funds for small and mid-size enterprises in developing countries. b) Analyzing factors enabling and inhibiting women entrepreneurship in urban India and devise a strategy for promoting women-owned enterprises.

 What skills are needed in your role? How did you acquire the skills?

 In the domain of social business consulting, primarily two types of skills are required – Hard skills and Soft skills. Hard skills involve technical knowledge of the subject area or ability to work on relevant software like MS Office and Data Analysis and visualization software like Tableau, SPSS, Power BI, etc. These skills I have acquired during my coursework at IIFM and by doing online certification courses. Soft skills refer to analytical and interpersonal skills like communication, leadership, entrepreneurship, etc. I have acquired these gradually since my childhood days by being proactive and participative. On-the-job training during all my professional endeavours has also helped me refine my soft skills.

What is a typical day like?

My typical day starts with a team meeting where we take stock of the work completed and the tasks ahead of us. We also have to keep a close watch on the project timelines to ensure there are no delays. Based on the level of complexity of a particular task, we have brainstorming sessions among the team members. We also have multiple calls with clients to discuss the nuances and expectations of the project. A lot of my time also goes into preparing presentations and writing reports, concept papers. At times, there can be project-related travel involved to the site locations.

What is it you love about this job?

My job provides me a platform to create a larger impact for the community that has been my true motivation to choose a career in the social sector. We help social businesses that are in turn helping local communities, generate employment and create sustainable business models. Another factor that keeps me hooked to my work is the dynamic nature of this job. I get to work with multiple clients from different industries and geographies and more importantly, I get to work on a different challenge every other day.

How does your work benefit society?

As the name indicates, my current role in social impact consulting benefits society at multiple levels: a) working on niche environmental and social challenges help me build awareness and positive momentum at an ecosystem level; b) I get to support enterprises/ other developmental partners who in turn are creating a positive impact on ground by improving community access to basic services like water, sanitation, energy, financial services, and livelihood.

Tell us an example of a specific memorable work you did that is very close to you!

There are so many stories to share, the one I would like to mention here is from my first job with Swades Foundation.

As a Manager, Economic Development, I along with my team, supported a small hamlet in Mangaon block of Raigad district by providing household water connections to the villagers. To get this work done we had multiple rounds of discussions with villagers addressing their queries and solving internal conflicts over water. Many times these discussions go up to 10 -11 in the night since most of the community members used to be on farms during the daytime. But all of it was worth it seeing the joy on villagers’ faces when we inaugurated the project.

I still remember (and will do so for the rest of my life), it was my last day at Swades, I was packing my things from the office, and one of my team members came announcing that someone is waiting for me at the reception. I went to the waiting area and to my surprise, there was this tribal woman in her late 70s (I used to call her Aaji) waiting to meet me for one last time. As soon I entered the room, she bent to touch my feet and said that, “Deva sarkeh aale tumhi aachya aayushayt” (You came like a god in our life). I just hugged her with tears in my eyes.

She was the lady from the same hamlet where I worked earlier. Our work has helped her get drinking water at her doorstep. She was overjoyed with the fact that from now onwards she will not have to walk so many kms daily to fetch drinking water. This happiness and lasting impact is what I work for, it’s my everyday motivation

Your advice to students based on your experience?

One key thing that I would recommend to students is to be proactive. That is the fastest and most effective way to learn new things and acquire new skills. Give your best in every task at hand no matter how big or small it is. Another take-home learning I would share is to always go ahead and ask what you want, people might refuse it but unless you ask, the answer is always no! Having an overall positive outlook and proactiveness will take you far.

Also do not underestimate the importance of networking, do reach out to new people and learn from their experiences. And lastly, invest in yourself, and I do not only mean financial investment but invest time in your growth. Read good books, do online courses, participate in forums and competitions, and this way you will keep building skills one by one.

 Future Plans?

 For now, I would like to continue working in the social sector. I am looking forward to working on more national and international projects in the coming years. I would also like to start my own social impact venture someday that addresses the inequalities in third-world countries. Somewhere down in the future, I also fancy having my own off-grid homestay in the